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<title>Dispersant</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dispersant</span></span>

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<p>A <b>dispersant</b> or a <b>dispersing agent</b> is a substance, typically a <a href="Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a>, that is added to a <a href="Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a> of solid or liquid particles in a liquid (such as a <a href="Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a> or <a href="Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a>) to improve the separation of the particles and to prevent their <a href="Settling" title="Settling">settling</a> or clumping.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Dispersants are widely used to stabilize various industrial and artisanal products, such as <a href="Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>, <a href="Ferrofluid" title="Ferrofluid">ferrofluids</a>, and <a href="Salad_dressing" title="Salad dressing">salad dressings</a>. The <a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> or <a href="Superplasticizer" title="Superplasticizer">superplasticizers</a>, used to improve the workability of pastes like <a href="Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> and <a href="Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, are typically dispersants. The concept also largely overlaps with that of <a href="Detergent" title="Detergent">detergent</a>, used to bring oily contamination into water suspension, and of <a href="Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifier</a>, used to create homogeneous mixtures of immiscible liquids like water and oil. Natural suspensions like <a href="Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> contain substances that act as dispersants.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive">Automotive</h3></div>

<p>Automotive <a href="Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">engine oils</a> contain both detergents and dispersants. Metallic-based detergents prevent the accumulation of varnish like deposits on the cylinder walls. They also neutralize acids. Dispersants maintain contaminants in suspension.

</p><p>Dispersants added to <a href="Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> prevent the buildup of gummy residues.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bio-dispersing">Bio-dispersing</h3></div>

<p>Dispersants are used to prevent formation of <a href="Biofouling" title="Biofouling">biofouling</a> or <a href="Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a> in industrial processes. It is also possible to disperse <a href="Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> slime and increase the efficiency of <a href="Biocides" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocides">biocides</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concrete_and_stucco">Concrete and stucco</h3></div>

<p>Dispersants are used as <a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> or <a href="Superplasticizer" title="Superplasticizer">superplasticizers</a> in <a href="Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> formulations to lower the use of water while retaining the needed slump (flow) property. A lower water content makes the concrete stronger and more impervious to water penetration.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Similarly, dispersants are used as plasticizers in the <a href="Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> slurry during <a href="Wallboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallboard">wallboard</a> manufacture, to reduce the amount of water used. The lower water usage allows lower energy use to dry the wallboard.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detergents">Detergents</h3></div>

<p>Dispersing is the principal goal in the use of <a href="Detergents" class="mw-redirect" title="Detergents">detergents</a>, which the liquid bath is water (detergents also are used as <a href="Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifiers</a> in some applications). Laundry detergents encase dirt and grime in miscelles, which naturally disperse.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_drilling">Oil drilling</h3></div>

<p>Dispersants in <a href="Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">oil drilling</a> aid in breaking up <a href="Solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solids">solids</a> or <a href="Liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquids">liquids</a> as fine particles or <a href="Droplets" class="mw-redirect" title="Droplets">droplets</a> into another medium. This term is often applied incorrectly to clay <a href="Deflocculant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflocculant">deflocculants</a>. Clay dispersants prevent formation of "fish-eye" globules. For dispersing (emulsification) of <a href="Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> into <a href="Water" title="Water">water</a> (or water into oils), <a href="Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a> selected on the basis of <a href="Hydrophilic-lipophilic_balance" title="Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance">hydrophilic-lipophilic balance</a> (HLB) number can be used. For foam drilling fluids, synthetic <a href="Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a> and <a href="Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a> are used, along with <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, to disperse foam bubbles into the air or gas.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spill">Oil spill</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Oil_dispersants" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil dispersants">Oil dispersants</a></div>

<p>Dispersants can be used to dissipate <a href="Oil_slick" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil slick">oil slicks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-itopf-dispersants_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itopf-dispersants-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may rapidly <a href="Dispersion_(chemistry)" title="Dispersion (chemistry)">disperse</a> large amounts of certain oil types from the <a href="Sea_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea surface">sea surface</a> by transferring it into the <a href="Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a>. They will cause the oil slick to break up and form water-soluble <a href="Micelle" title="Micelle">micelles</a> that are rapidly <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dilute" class="extiw external" title="wikt:dilute">diluted</a>. Then effectively spread throughout a larger volume of water than the surface from where the oil was dispersed. They can also delay the formation of persistent <a href="Oil-in-water_emulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil-in-water emulsion">oil-in-water emulsions</a>. However, laboratory experiments showed that dispersants increased toxic hydrocarbon levels in fish by a factor of up to 100 and may kill fish eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-itopf-fisheggs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itopf-fisheggs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Dispersant Corexit 9527 was for example used to disperse an oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico in 1979 (<a href="Ixtoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixtoc">Ixtoc</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over one thousand square miles of sea. The same dispersant was also used in an attempt to clean up the <a href="Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill">Exxon Valdez oil spill</a><sup id="cite_ref-itopf-dispersants_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itopf-dispersants-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1989, though its use was discontinued as there was not enough wave action to mix the dispersant with the oil in the water. During the <a href="Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a> in 2010, unprecedented amounts of the dispersants <a href="Corexit" title="Corexit">Corexit</a> 9500 and 9527 were used (approximately 7 million liters).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_industry">Process industry</h3></div>

<p>In the <a href="Process_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Process industries">process industry</a> dispersing agents are added to process liquids to prevent unwanted <a href="Fouling" title="Fouling">deposits</a> by keeping them finely dispersed. They function in both aqueous and nonaqueous media.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_coating">Surface coating</h3></div>

<p>In order to provide optimal performance, pigment particles must act independently of each other in the coating film and thus must remain well dispersed throughout manufacture, storage, application, and film formation. Unfortunately, colloidal dispersions such as the pigment dispersions in liquid <a href="Coating" title="Coating">coatings</a> are inherently unstable, and they must be stabilized against the <a href="Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a> that might occur.

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<ul><li><a href="Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Deflocculant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflocculant">Deflocculant</a></li>

<li><a href="Detergent" title="Detergent">Detergent</a></li>

<li><a href="Surfactant" title="Surfactant">Surfactant</a></li>

<li><a href="Superplasticizer" title="Superplasticizer">Superplasticizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension (chemistry)</a></li>

<li><a href="Solubilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Solubilization">Solubilization</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFPirrung,_Frank_O.H.Quednau,_Peter_H.Auschra,_Clemens2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pirrung, Frank O.H.; Quednau, Peter H.; Auschra, Clemens (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2533%2F000942902777680496">"Wetting and Dispersing Agents"</a>. <i>CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry</i>. <b>56</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">170–</span>176. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2533%2F000942902777680496">10.2533/000942902777680496</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/suprplz.htm">Superplasticizers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612084205/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/suprplz.htm">Archived</a> June 12, 2010, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved on 2010-10-27.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5879446.html">Gypsum wallboard, and method of making same - Patent 5879446</a>. Freepatentsonline.com. Retrieved on 2010-10-27.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-itopf-dispersants-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itopf-dispersants_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itopf-dispersants_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114115318/http://www.itopf.com/spill-response/clean-up-and-response/dispersants/">"Spill Response - Dispersants"</a>. International Tanker Operators Pollution Federation Limited. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itopf.com/spill-response/clean-up-and-response/dispersants/">the original</a> on 2013-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-itopf-fisheggs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itopf-fisheggs_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30158418">"Spill Response - Dispersants Kill Fish Eggs"</a>. Journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 10 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJernelövLindén1981" class="citation journal cs1">Jernelöv, Arne; Lindén, Olof (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4312725">"Ixtoc I: A Case Study of the World's Largest Oil Spill"</a>. <i>Ambio</i>. <b>10</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">299–</span>306. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-7447">0044-7447</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4312725">4312725</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The use of surface and subsea dispersants during the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill (Working Paper). Washington, DC, USA: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. Published 2011. Available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo184">https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo184</a></span>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902420#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata644" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902420#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata644" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85038457">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557962105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/beca2704-efa6-4ce2-9d52-39f224645559">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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